THIRTY YEARS WAR, ENGLISH CIVIL WAR, AND LEVELLERS

What was the key issue that led to the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War? What religious accommodation was reached by Catholics and Protestants in the Peace of Westphalia?

The key issue that led to the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War was the conflict between Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia, concluded in 1648, established a principle of coexistence by allowing various Protestant and Catholic denominations to coexist legally, effectively recognizing the right of each prince to determine the religion of their own state. This diminished the power of the Catholic Church over Europe and marked a significant step towards religious tolerance.

What was the English Civil War all about?

The English Civil War was a conflict between the monarchy, led by King Charles I, and Parliament over issues of governance, religion, and individual rights. Key issues included the king's authority versus parliamentary power and disagreements over religious practices. The war ultimately resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I and the temporary establishment of a republican government under Oliver Cromwell.

Who were the Levellers, and what did they believe? .

The Levellers were a political group during the English Civil War in the 17th century. They believed in ideas like equality, popular sovereignty, and civil rights. They sought universal manhood suffrage, religious freedom, challenging the existing social and political hierarchy.